NFX 0030 ITALY 1
01. Coniferous forest, Alpine coniferous forest, Mountain atmosphere 3'30"
Calls and song from Willow Tits, Nutcrackers, Goldcrests, Nuthatch and Chaffinch, river in b/g. USE: The boreal coniferous belt from S. Scandinavia and northern C. Europe to the Urals and Central Siberia, the Alps and Mts. of C & SE Europe. TIME: May-August.
02. Willow Tit ( Parus montanus ) Nuthatch ( Sitta europaea ) 5'04"
Coniferous forest, Alpine coniferous forest, Mountain atmosphere CU calls and feeding calls from Willow Tits, Nutcracker in distance, CU calls from Nuthatch, song from Chaffinch, Goldcrest and Coal Tit, distant Alpine Marmot calling, flies, river in b/g, less busy towards end. USE: The Alps. Without marmot then as track 1. TIME: As track 1.
03. Goldcrest ( Regulus regulus ) 0'57"
CU calls, Chaffinch and river in b/g, distant Alpine Marmot. USE: The Alps. As spots: Europe, except south and Iceland. TIME: April-August.
04. Nutcracker ( Nucifraga caryocatactes ) 0'33"
MCU calls, river in b/g, distant Chaffinch. USE & TIME: As track I. As spots then E. Siberia and all year.
05. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 1'39"
CU-MD flight and awareness calls, faint chair-lift and ski-centre noise in b/g. USE: Mts. of N. Spain and the rest of S. Europe to China. TIME: Any.
06. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 2'20"
CU-Distant calls in flight, ski-centre and chair-lift noise in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 5.
07. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 0'51"
CU-MD excited calls in flight at start, then flight calls, slight b/g noise at start. USE & TIME: As track 5.
08. Raven ( Corvus corax ) Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 1'32"
MCU-Distant calls from several of both species in flight, some chough land and take off again, slightly windy b/g. USE & TIME: As track 5.
09. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus )
CU alarm calls at presence of Stoat, light wind in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 5.
10. Raven ( Corvus corax ) 1'29"
MD-Distant calls from a family group of 5 birds, one of the immatures giving higher pitched calls (begging), sound of ice melting on slopes and slight wind. USE: Mts. of Europe to the Paciflc, except E. England, France to W. Germany. As spots: As above at all altitudes. TIME: June-September.
11. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 0'52"
CU annoyance and alarm calls at presence of Stoat. USE & TIME: As track 5.
12. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 1'22"
MCU-MD wing-beats and calls, melting ice, running water and slight wind in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 5.
13. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 1'26"
MD-MCU calls while feeding, running water and slight wind in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 5.
14. Stream 3'06"
MD melt-water stream flowing from glacier. USE: Anywhere. TIME: Any.
15. Stream 2'07"
CU trickling streamlet, through gully on mountain slope, calls from Water Pipit at start, river in b/g. USE: Mts. of N. Spain, Alps and Carpathians. TIME: April-August. Without pipit then as track 14.
16. Stream 3'10"
CU small trickling stream flowing over rocks on mountain slope. USE & TIME: As track 14.
17. Stream 2'04"
CU stream flowing over large, smooth bolders on mountain slope. USE & TIME: As track 14.
18. Stream 2'06"
CU stream flowing over large, smooth bolders. USE & TIME: As track 14.
19. Stream 2'09"
CU stream flowing down slope to meet main river in valley. USE & TIME: As track 14.
20. Stream 2'19"
CU narrow stream flowing through grass over stones on slope. USE & TIME: As track 14.
21. Water Pipit ( Anthus spinoletta ) 1'04"
Stream, Mountain atmosphere CU alarm calls from pipit, melt-water stream prominent in b/g, distant calls from Alpine Marmot. USE: Alps and central Pyrenees. TIME: April-August. Pipit as spots as track 15.
22. Water Pipit ( Anthus spinoletta ) 1'18"
CU alarm calls, river and occasional calls from Alpine Marmot in distance. USE & TIME: As track 2l.
23. Water Pipit ( Anthus spinoletta ) 2'29"
CU alarm calls, river and occasional calls from Alpine Marmot in distance. USE & TIME: As track 21.
24. Alpine Marmot ( Marmota marmota ) 0'14"
CU alarm calls, Water Pipit alarm calls and river in distance. USE: Alps and central Pyrenees. TIME: April-August.
25. Alpine Marmot ( Marmota marmota ) 0'19"
MD alarm calls, another in distance, distant Water Pipit alarming and river. USE & TIME: As track 24.
26. Alpine Marmot ( Marmota marmota ) 0'16"
CU alarm calls. USE & TIME: As track 24.
27. Alpine Marmot ( Marmota marmota ) 1'12"
CU mild alarm or annoyance calls, faint cow-bells near end and distant river. USE & TIME: As track 24.
28. Water Pipit ( Anthus spinoletta ) 2'05"
CU alarm calls, river in b/g, distant calls from Alpine Chough. USE: Mts. of N. Spain, Alps and Carpathians. TIME: April-August.
29. Stream 2'07"
CU melt-water run-off, water flowing over grass and moss, trickling down steps in grass. USE & TIME: As track 14.
30. Stream 2'10"
31. Stream 2'07"
CU narrow ( approx 6 inches wide ) streamlet, fast flowing through grass, over stones and down steps, at edge of larger run-off. USE & TIME: As track 14.
32. Stream 2'09"
CU narrow streamlet, fast flowing through grass and over flat area where it broadens slightly, river in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 14.
33. High pasture, Mountain atmosphere 3'03"
Cow-bells, river in b/g, distant calls from Alpine Marmots. (River on left side in valley). USE & TIME: As track 24.
34. High pasture, Mountain atmosphere 4'13"
Cow-bells, river in b/g. (River on left side in valley). USE: S Europe. TIME: Spring/Summer.
35. Stream 2'09"
CU wide melt-water stream. USE & TIME: As track 14.
36. Stream 2'04"
CU wide melt-water stream crossing track, flowing right to left, cow-bells in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 34.
37. Stream 2'09"
CU wide melt-water stream flowing through pasture to river in valley, cow-bells and Alpine Marmot occasionally in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 24. Without bells and marmot as track 14. NOTE: Tracks 35-37 are the same stream.
38. Stream 1'48"
CU trickly streamlet flowing down from slopes, splashing on rocks as it flows over steps, river in distance. USE & TIME: As track 14.
Recorded: Stelvio National Park, Alps, Italy. 27th - 29th July 1997. Recorded by Nigel Tucker. Recorded digitally in Left & Right Stereo.