NFX 0031 ITALY 2

01. Stream 2'09"

CU trickly streamlet flowing down slopes, splashing on rocks as it flows over steps, river in distance. USE: Anywhere. TIME: Any.

02. Cow-bell 1'08"

CU-MD ringing, cow feeding sounds, other cattle in distance, faint river. USE: Mainly S. Europe, where applicable. TIME: Any.

03. Cow-bell 1'15"

CU-MCU ringing, cow feeding sounds, distant river. USE & TIME: As track 2.

04. Stream 2'07"

CU large melt-water stream flowing down from mountain slopes. USE & TIME: As track 1.

05. Stream 2'16"

CU large melt-water stream flowing down slopes to river. USE & TIME: As track 1.

06. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 1'10"

CU calls from singles and several, wing-beats, awareness calls before taking flight. USE: Mts. of N. Spain through S. Europe to China. TIME: Any.

07. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 1'59"

CU calls from birds feeding on ground, wing-beats and alarm calls from group disturbed by Stoat, distant ski-lift and faint voices at times. USE & TIME: As track 6.

08. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 4'58"

CU calls from birds feeding on ground, wing-beats from birds taking off, buzz from passing bees, CU begging calls from a juvenile with another in b/g towards end, distant ski-lift. USE: As track 6. TIME: Late June - Sept., adult calls - Anytime.

09. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 0'51"

MCU calls from birds feeding on ground, take-off and flight calls at end, calls from a juvenile in b/g at start, distant ski-lift. USE & TIME: As track 8.

10. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 3'32"

CU-MCU calls in flight, some birds land and call on the ground, faint-MCU begging calls from two juveniles, faint ski-lift and voices in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 8.

11. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 2'55"

CU begging calls from two juveniles (mainly one doing most of the calling), reaction calls from parent, group take-off at end. USE & TIME: As track 8.

12. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 0'46"

CU awareness calls and movement from a small group at approach of Stoat. USE & TIME: As track 6.

13. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 2'21"

MD-MCU high alarm and alarm calls at presence of Stoat, ticking sounds is ice melting in sun. USE & TIME: As track 6.

14. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 0'49"

CU extreme and high alarm and take-off from a small group surprised by sudden approach of Stoat, running water from melting ice in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 6.

15. Alpine Chough ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) 1'49"

Distant-MCU calls and alarm calls in flight, two good wing-beat passes, hoverfly at start. USE & TIME: As track 6.

16. River, Mountain atmosphere 3'38"

Distant sound of two melt-water rivers meeting in main valley, cricket stridulating at times in foreground. USE: Europe. TIME: Spring/Summer.

17. Stream 2'12"

CU slow flowing stream in grass on mountain slope, crickets at times, distant birds and main river. USE & TIME: As track 16.

18. Alpine Marmot ( Marmota marmota ) 0'54"

MCU awareness calls (usual calls), river in b/g. USE: Alps and central Pyrenees. TIME: April-September.

19. Nutcracker ( Nucifraga caryocatactes ) 5'29"

Coniferous forest, Alpine coniferous forest, Mountain atmosphere. MCU calls from one Nutcracker with others in b/g, calls from Chaffinch, Goldcrest, Chiffchaff and Nuthatch, distant Alpine Marmot and Raven near start, some distant vehicle noise at times, MD river. USE: Alps. Without marmot: the boreal coniferous belt from S. Sandinavia and north central Europe to the Urals and C. Siberia, and the mountains of C. & SE. Europe. TIME: May-August.

20. Coniferous forest, Alpine coniferous forest, Mountain atmosphere 4'44"

Calls from Nutcracker, Chiffchaff, Goldcrest, Nuthatch and at one point Alpine Marmot, river in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 19.

21. Chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs ) 1'09"

CU calls, others in distance, bird moves MD towards end. USE: Europe, except Iceland, to central Siberia, and Turkey to Iran. TIME: All year.

22. Coniferous woodland atmosphere 2'07"

MD calls from Chaffinch with other in distance with Goldcrests. USE: N. & C. Europe, not Iceland. TIME: Any.

23. Linnet ( Carduelis cannabina ) 0'15"

CU calls from one bird, another flies in to join it and both fly off, river in b/g and distant tapping. USE: Europe,except north, to C. Siberia, N. Middle East. TIME: Any.

24. Coniferous woodland atmophere 2'58"

Mixed small bird feeding flock. CU calls at times from Coal Tits, Crested Tits and Goldcrests, distant calls from Chaffinch, Willow Tit, Nuthatch and Nutcracker, distant river. USE: S. Scandinavia and north central Europe, Alps. TIME: May-Aug.

25. Crested Tit ( Parus cristatus ) 2'33"

CU calls, Goldcrest calling MCU at times, other Goldcrests and Coal Tits in b/g, CU alarm alarm calls from Crested Tit with Raven in b/g, distant Nutcracker towards end, distant river. USE: W. Europe and southern Scandinavia to the Urals, Iberia, Highlands of Scotland and parts of SE. Europe. With Nutcracker as track 24. TIME: Spring/Summer.

26. Crested Tit ( Parus cristatus ) 1'05"

CU calls, a variety of calls, others and Willow Tits in b/g, distant Nutcracker and river. USE: Central western Europe and S. Scandinavia to the Urals, parts of SE. Europe. TIME: Spring/Summer.

27. Willow Tit ( Parus montanus ) 0'33"

CU calls, flight call at end, distant Chaffinch, Nutcracker and river. USE & TIME: As track 24.

28. Willow Tit ( Parus montanus ) 3'38"

CU calls, other tits and distant Nutcracker at times in b/g, river in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 24, as spots: S. England, and from central western and northern Europe to eastern Russia.

29. Stream 2'17"

CU melt-water streamlet gently flowing to valley bottom, river in distance. USE & TIME: Any.

30. Stream 2'07"

CU melt-water stream flowing to valley bottom. USE & TIME: Any.

31. Alpine Marmot ( Marmota marmota ) 2'04"

MCU calls, another in distance, Chiffchaffs, Lesser Whitethroats and Willow Tits in b/g, river in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 18.

32. Black Redstart ( Phoenicurus ochruros ) 2'18"

CU alarm calls from male flying to various perches, Alpine Marmot calls in distance at end, Chiffchaff and river in b/g. USE: As track 18, without marmot: from S & W Europe to W China, not UK. TIME: Spring/Summer.

33. Willow Tit ( Parus montanus ) 0'14"

CU calls from adult approaching nest hole, chicks in b/g, distant river. USE: S. England, and from central western and northern Europe to eastern Russia. TIME: June-August.

34. Willow Tit ( Parus montanus ) 0'31"

MCU calls from chicks in nest hole, CU wing-beats from adult arriving and leaving, river in b/g. USE & TIME: As track 33.

35. Willow Tit ( Parus montanus ) 1'03"

CU calls from chick at nest hole entrance, other chicks calling in b/g, distant cow-bells and Nutcracker, river in b/g. USE: As track 19, as spots: S. England, E. Siberia. TIME: June-August.

Recorded: Stelvio National Park, Alps, Italy. 29th July - 3rd August 1997.
Recorded by Nigel Tucker.
Recorded digitally in Left & Right Stereo.